(4) What differentiates the P-conscious EM field from other EM fields, e.g., the flux of photons scattered from object surfaces, the EM field of an electro-magnet, or the EM fields generated in the brain that do not enter P-consciousness, such as those generated in the retina or occipital cortex, or those generated in brain areas that guide behavior through visual information in persons exhibiting “blindsight”? Our answer: living systems express a boundary between themselves and the environment, requiring them to model (coarsely emulate) information from their environment in order to control through actions, to the extent possible, the vast sea of variety in which they are immersed. (3) From whence arise the qualia experienced in P-consciousness? Our answer, the relevant EM field is “structured” by emulating in the brain the information in EM fields arising from both external (the environment) and internal (the body) sources.
(2) Is this substrate generated in some particular part of the brains of conscious entities or does it comprise the entirety of the brain/body? Our answer: a part of the thalamus in mammals, and homologous parts of other brains generates the critical EM field. In this paper we address the following problems and provide realistic answers to them: (1) What could be the physical substrate for subjective, phenomenal, consciousness (P-consciousness)? Our answer: the electromagnetic (EM) field generated by the movement and changes of electrical charges in the brain. Hence, this review summarizes the current understanding of bone remodeling and future research directions with the aim of providing a clinically relevant biological background with which to identify targets for therapeutic strategies in osteoporosis. Bone remodeling defines the primary activities that BMUs need to perform to renew successfully bone structural units. Therefore, bone remodeling is currently considered a physiological outcome of continuous cellular operational processes optimized to confer a survival advantage. However, recent discoveries have indicated that all bone cells participate in BMU formation by interacting both simultaneously and at different differentiation stages with their progenitors, other cells, and bone matrix constituents. It was initially thought that the basic multicellular unit (BMU) responsible for bone remodeling consists of osteoclasts and osteoblasts functioning through a hierarchical sequence of events organized into distinct stages. Updated in March 2022 with a new presentation featuring deep-zoomable images.Ĭopyright © 1963-1965, 2006, 2013 by the California Institute of Technology, Michael A.Bone remodeling replaces old and damaged bone with new bone through a sequence of cellular events occurring on the same surface without any change in bone shape.Links to the photos also appear near the title of each FLP chapter.The lecture recordings can also be played in their respective FLP chapters.For information about MathJax features and accessibility options, We do not support versions of Internet Explorer older thanĩ.0. (that degrade when scaled) may be served to browsers that do not Older browsers may not display this edition correctly. Must support javascript and permit scripts from. JavaScript, and scalable vector graphic (SVG) figures. HTML5-based edition features LaTeX equations rendered by MathJax However, we want to be clear that this edition is onlyįree to read, look at and listen to online, and this posting does not transfer any right toĭownload all or any portion of the book The Feynman Lectures on Physics, its photos or tape recordings, for any purpose.For view restoration to work properly you may need to clear your browser cache of our pages. The "Restore my view" link and URL will become active only after you've closed one of the chapters of this edition. Clicking the "Restore my view" link will take you back to where you last left off reading, or you can restore your view directly by loading a special URL, #restore - bookmark it for convenience.Rallying the support of Caltech's Division of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy. Needed to come together in order for this edition to beĪlan Rice for his steadfast enthusiasm for this project, and for
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